Regulatory Compliance of Indonesian Smart Contracts
Keywords:
Smart Contracts; Smart Contracts, Regulatory Compliance, Indonesian Legal System, Consumer Protection, Systematic Literature ReviewAbstract
This research aims to examine the regulatory compliance aspects of smart contracts within the Indonesian legal system using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The review focuses on how smart contracts are recognized and regulated within Indonesia’s legal framework, the challenges related to consumer protection, their compatibility with traditional contract principles, and comparisons with international regulatory standards. From a total of 158 relevant studies, 50 articles were selected based on multi-layered search strategies, citation chaining, and relevance scoring. The findings reveal that while Indonesia has established a normative legal basis for recognizing electronic contracts, significant gaps persist in enforcement, legal clarity, and consumer protection. The implications of this review highlight the need for regulatory reform, the standardization of legal frameworks, and the integration of interdisciplinary approaches to secure the application of smart contracts within Indonesia’s growing digital economy.
References
Abidin, M. I. (2023). Legal review of the validity of the use of smart contracts in business transactions in Indonesia and its regulation in various countries. Unnes Law Journal, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v9i2.74957
Abubakar, L., & Handayani, T. A. (2023). Enhancing consumer protection in the Indonesian financial service sector through the utilization of standardized contracts. Yustisia, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v12i2.61271
Almahasneh, R. (2024). Legal challenges of blockchain-based smart contracts in the MENA region. Middle East Law Review, 12(1), 45–62.
Ariyanto, A. (2024). Perkembangan pernyataan kehendak dan keabsahannya dalam smart contract. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum de Jure, 24(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2024.v24.199-214
Atiyah, H., Nugraha, F., & Rachman, A. (2023). Blockchain adoption and legal frameworks in Southeast Asia: A comparative analysis. Journal of Digital Law, 7(2), 100–118.
Atiyah, H., Nugraha, F., & Rachman, A. (2024). Smart contracts from Islamic law perspective: Religious compliance and contract validity. Islamic Law Review, 8(1), 45-62.
Bari, A., & Raodah, P. (2024). Perlindungan hukum terhadap investor dalam kegiatan investasi digital di Indonesia. Commerce Law, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.29303/commercelaw.v4i1.4693
Budiyanto, D. (2023). Reinterpreting traditional contract law in the age of automation. Indonesian Law Journal, 11(1), 56–74.
Ekawati, N., Kusuma, D., & Harahap, T. (2024). Digital consumer protection in automated transactions: A legal review. Journal of Indonesian Consumer Law, 6(2), 89–104.
Endramanto, B., Sari, P., & Hidayat, R. (n.d.). E-commerce and legal infrastructure in Indonesia: A sectoral analysis (Working Paper). University of Indonesia.
Ferreira, M. (2023). Smart contracts and the law: Towards a digital legal architecture. International Journal of Legal Innovation, 9(3), 121–140.
Flores, J. M. (2023). Data permanency vs. privacy in blockchain systems: A regulatory dilemma. European Journal of Privacy and Data Protection, 5(1), 35–49.
Friatna, I., Riza, M. A., & Jihad, A. A. (2022). Analysis of Islamic law on electronic contracts based on government regulation number 80 of 2019 concerning trade through electronic systems. Dusturiyah, 12(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.22373/dusturiyah.v12i1.12295
Heidari, S., Hashemi, S. J., Khorsand, M., Daneshfar, A., & Jazayerifar, S. (2023). Towards standardized regulations for block chain smart contracts: Insights from Delphi and SWARA analysis. Deleted Journal, 11(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.31620/ajm.01
Kharisma, H., Putri, M., & Aditya, B. (2025). Building regulator capacity for blockchain governance in Indonesia. Policy & Technology Review, 14(1), 25–40.
Laksito, H., & Putra, R. (2023). Evidence-based policy for smart contract implementation in Indonesia. Journal of Policy Research, 18(4), 203–220.
Legal reforming of smart contract in supply chain demands process between retailer and consumer. (2023). Jurnal Kajian Pembaruan Hukum, 3(1), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.19184/jkph.v3i1.33610
Louati, M., Salim, R., & Yusof, N. (2024). The future of tech-law in the global south: A roadmap for regulatory reform. Global South Tech-Law Review, 2(2), 77–95.
Madir, J. (n.d.). Smart contracts. In Digital law handbook (pp. 245-267). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800375956.00018
Mashhour, A., Iskandar, F., & Rasyid, A. (n.d.). Legal interpretation of blockchain contracts in Southeast Asia (Working Paper No. 37). ASEAN Law Working Paper Series.
Masitoh, I. T., & Yunanto, Y. (2024). Analysis of implementation of anti-money laundering mechanisms in blockchain-based smart contracts under Indonesian regulation. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i09-35
Mazalio, G. I. (2023). Problematika penerapan smart contract terhadap peran dan fungsi notaris di Indonesia. Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia, 2(3), 632-638. https://doi.org/10.58344/jmi.v2i3.198
Megawati, A., Syahputra, M., & Hakim, R. (2023). The legal status of smart contracts in Indonesia: Toward a regulatory framework. Indonesia Journal of Law and Technology, 4(1), 10–29.
Mentari, N., Nugraheni, N., & Annas, M. (2023). Legal protection of Hara platform users on the service of electronic data interchange. Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 14(1), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v14i1.a25547
Muko, D. A. (2024). Legal validity of smart contracts under Indonesian civil code. Journal of Contemporary Private Law, 10(1), 63–78.
Multazam, M. T., Huzairin, R. A., & Irwansyah, I. (2023). Is it legal to provide liquidity on the Vexanium decentralized exchange in Indonesia? Yustisia, 12(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v12i1.69007
Munawar, M. (2022). The legality of smart contract in the perspectives of Indonesian law and Islamic law. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 7(1), 269-285. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v7i1.4140
Nazarov, A. (2024). Legal nature and classification of smart contracts in crypto exchanges: Challenges to traditional contract law. International Journal of Law and Policy, 2(9), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.59022/ijlp.224
Nugraheni, A., & Rahma, I. (2024). Legal gaps in Indonesia's smart contract regulation: A systematic review. Journal of Law and Innovation, 13(1), 90–110.
Nugraheni, N., Mentari, N., & Shafira, B. (2022). The study of smart contract in the Hara platform under the law of contract in Indonesia. Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 5(7), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2022.v05i07.005
Pakina, R. (2023). Electronic information and transactions law and business development in Indonesia: Confrontational or accommodative? KOMITMEN, 4(1), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.15575/jim.v4i1.23996
Pokharel, M., & Kshetri, N. (2024). Blockchain and data protection laws: A global perspective. Technology & Regulation Journal, 6(1), 57–72.
Qindy, R. (2024). Smart contracts and the Indonesian e-transaction law: An assessment. Digital Transactions Law Journal, 9(2), 32–48.
Rahma, I. S., Hasiana, E. J., Cantika, S. L., & Octaviona, T. (2022). Indonesian legal protection for consumers on the validity of electronic contracts in the e-commerce transactions. Yuridika, 37(3), 697-714. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i3.36976
Santoso, W., Putra, A. A., Passagi, J. H., Hanindya, Y. R., & Tagar, A. A. (2020). Governing blockchain-based token in Indonesia: Legal and technical perspective. Business Law Journal, 7(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.BLJ.2020.007.01.08
Sari, D., Endrawan, F., & Latif, N. (2024). Systematic review of legal studies on smart contracts in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Legal Research, 5(2), 50–68.
Setiawan, A., Fadillah, T., & Wardani, S. (2024). Smart contracts in public sector services: An untapped opportunity in Indonesia. Government Tech Law Review, 2(1), 77–95.
Sihombing, M., & Resen, L. (2024). Consumer risk in digital contract execution: Regulatory limitations in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Legal Risk, 8(2), 115–130.
Sinitsyn, A., Becker, L., & Wong, Y. (n.d.). Decentralized dispute resolution: The future of ADR in blockchain (Working Paper No. 21). Blockchain Legal Series.
Subagyono, A., Nuraini, D., & Putra, M. (2024). Legal enforcement challenges of smart contracts in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Legal Studies, 12(1), 39–58.
Szabo, N., Martinez, L., Chen, K., & Rodriguez, P. (2024). Foundations of smart contract technology and law. Blockchain & Society Review, 10(1), 15–32.
Tompul, V. B. T. (2023). Optimalisasi e-contract (kontrak elektronik) dalam perdagangan internasional ditinjau dari perspektif hukum positif Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Publika, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.33603/publika.v11i2.8857
Towards standardized regulations for block chain smart contracts: Insights from Delphi and SWARA analysis. (2024). Amity Journal of Management, 12(23). https://doi.org/10.31620/ajm.12.23/02
Tresnawati, & Fatmawati, A. M. (n.d.). Blockchain-based smart contract: Advancing digital consumer protection and preventing private international law e-commerce cases. Yustisia, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v10i3.54891
Wahyuni, H., Naili, Y. T., & Ruhtiani, M. (2023). Penggunaan smart contract pada transaksi e-commerce dalam perspektif hukum perdata di Indonesia. Inconcreto, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.35960/inconcreto.v2i1.1018
Warianto, H., Shafa, N., & Lim, C. (2024). Comparing ASEAN regulatory approaches to blockchain technologies. ASEAN Comparative Law Journal, 3(1), 101–120.
Wilbert, G., Santoso, R., & Mahendra, V. (2024). Governing digital transactions: Lessons from US and ASEAN blockchain policies. Journal of Comparative Digital Law, 11(2), 122–141.
Yusof, N., Hasanah, S., & Rizky, T. (2024). Toward ASEAN digital legal harmonization: Smart contract perspectives. Southeast Asian Legal Review, 7(1), 88–106.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Irsyad Noeri, Salsa Nur Ramadhani Hermandasari (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
